All snakes found near the water should be treated with caution. You name it and they often host all of the most common types of snakes found in the East. This cotton-white color contrasts well against the dark snake and draws attention to it, allowing one the opportunity to see the snake and retreat before an actual encounter. Growth depends on the availability of food and favorability of weather conditions. They only climb low limbs. Patrick Pester is a freelance writer and previously a staff writer at Live Science. This medium to large pit viper goes by several common names in Mississippi, including water moccasin and stump-tailed moccasin. It can be easily confused with several other species of large, dark-colored, thick-bodied, wide-headed but utterly harmless watersnakes (genus Nerodia). Besides fish, they eat toads, snails, small alligators, rodents, bird eggs, and birds. A water moccasin eats a bullfrog. At the tip of the Florida cottonmouth's snout, look for two vertical dark lines, which don't appear on the eastern cottonmouth. In many instances they host multiple species from the common snake categories. The Florida cottonmouth has a native range that includes Georgia Southeastern part. and log piles. They are often abundant in suitable habitats throughout Mississippi. Thus resulting in the rather charming translation of 'hooked-tooth fish-eater'. To reduce the number of snakes around your property, keep areas free of trash, brush. We approached the snake with a snake hook, but did not touch or aggravate the snake. When approached most flee, or lie motionless in an effort to blend into their surroundings and escape notice. A harmless snake the same length would be much more slender and would have a much longer, thinner tail (see below). The vast majority are nonvenomous and completely harmless to people. Do not give victim any drink or food by mouth. They are not aggressive. Most venomous snakes have wide, triangular-shaped heads but unfortunately many nonvenomous snakes have wide heads as well. The interesting feature moccasin has that its younger ones have yellow tails which they hold upright attracting prey within its range. The scarlet kingsnake is a mimic which is harmless but derives some protection from attackers by resembling the deadly coral snake. They are semi-aquatic, spending about half their time on land and the other half in water.. Watch the video and see if you think this is really the world . Hardy said that is an accepted term for non-venomous snakes. They are secretive and generally uncommon, even rare. The picture shows a Crayfish snake. The males also fight each other when competing for females. When water moccasins go on the hunt for their amphibious food, they do swim underwater to capture it and they can even bite underwater, as opposed to the myths that say they don't. Pygmy rattlesnakes range over most of Mississippi although records are lacking from the Delta. ), Copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix (color variation). Cottonmouths range from southeastern Virginia to Florida, west to central Texas and north to southern Illinois and Indiana, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (opens in new tab). Cottonmouth venom is mainly composed of hemotoxins that break down blood cells, preventing the blood from clotting or coagulating, according to Viernum. On the other hand, the deadly coral snake has a narrow head. On the other hand, Water Moccasins bask on land or logs near the water surface. The most common of these habitats include thick, vegetated wetlands, marshes, bogs, cypress swamps, river floodplains, overgrown ponds and other areas where amphibious creatures live. "Exposing the white of the mouth serves as a warning signal to potential predators.". from the October 25, 2009 Newsletter, from near Natchez, Mississippi A COTTONMOUTH'S COTTONY MOUTH . According to IUCN, the Water moccasin is locally common and widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available. Favored habitat is hardwood forest but pine country, old fields, and bottomlands are frequented. This is our largest rattlesnake. Although bites are rare, cottonmouth venom can be deadly to humans. Water moccasins are carnivores and their diet includes mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, frogs, snakes, small turtles, and small alligators. One of several facts that separate coral snakes from the five pit vipers inhabiting our state is that of reproduction. Water Snakes prefer large, open reservoirs, whereas Water Moccasins prefer swamps and backwaters. Young snakes often use their bright tail tips in hunting; they wiggle the tips of their tails to lure prey animals. Both species can grow to be fairly large and robust, in the five to six foot range. Water Snakes are agile climbers and they bask on limbs of trees overhanging the water. Water Moccasin is a very different species from a Water-Snake. Manage Settings The snakes are thick and dark colored, with a heavy body, with the neck smaller than the body and with the tail tip long and thin. "In certain parts of the state, people use water moccasin to describe the non-venomous snakes," he said. Water moccasins are important for the environment as they control the populations of their main prey, including fish, frogs, turtles, snakes, and other reptiles. The underside of the head is generally whitish, cream, or tan. Brightly banded with red, yellow, and black, the warning colors are side by side (red touches yellow, kill a fellow). Such novelties may be interesting to the biologist but could prove confusing to the average person. They are graceful, elegant, and often brightly colored. Babies of both the copperhead and its close relative the cottonmouth wriggle the bright yellow tail as an enticing lure for frogs and lizards. If someone decides to get close to its litters, it will coil around them and even attack the person. Knowing the following characteristics of venomous snakes may be helpful. Whenever possible, LEAVE SNAKES ALONE. Mississippi Headwaters Beaver swims in Stump Bay on the Mississippi River near Brainerd, MN. Water moccasins are not limited to aquatic habitats. In the southeastern states and along portions of the southern Atlantic coast, where climates are humid, and water is plentiful in rivers, lakes, ponds and streams, water snakes of all kinds and types thrive. Only one of the seven water snakes that live in Illinois is venomous, the cottonmouth. But why 'cottonmouth'? Neonates are 22-35 cm in length (excluding runts) and independent at birth. Copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix (northern Miss. After awhile when the prey is subdued by its venom, the snake hunts it down. The snake's diet consists of fish, small mammals, birds and amphibians; reptiles such as lizards, baby alligators and turtles; and other snakes, including smaller water moccasins. If weather conditions are favorable and food is readily available, growth is rapid and females may reproduce at less than 3 years of age and a total length of as little as 60 cm. While planting a duck hole during the summer, the Mossy Oak crew ran into this giant cottonmouth. Keep the bitten area at or slightly below heart level. The female canebrake rattlesnake produces about a dozen live young only once every third year, resulting in a very low reproductive rate. When they hunt for food they either wait quietly or actively forage, like when they swim underwater to catch fish and frogs. They are often large ranging from 2 to 4 feet long. Often they are called Red Racers, but as the picture shows, the Eastern Coachwhip Snake of Mississippi has a light color. Its color varies from dark brown to olive, their bellies are normally paler than their backs. Many of its common names refer to the threat display, in which the Water moccasin will often stand its ground and gape at an intruder, exposing the white lining of its mouth. Pit Vipers, the largest group of venomous snakes, consist of three general kinds of snakes: rattlesnakes, copperheads and cottonmouths. Each side of the head has a wide dark stripe bordered on both sides with lighter scales. Their venom contains strong proteolytic which can lead to a humans tissue destruction. . Other defensive responses can include flattening the body and emitting a strong, pungent secretion from the anal glands located at the base of the tail. Cottonmouths and Nerodia species have similar coloring and patterns and are all usually found near water. Cottonmouths are semiaquatic, so they're comfortable both swimming in water (hence their other common name of water moccasin) and basking on land. No doubt the venemous snakes of Mississippi garner the most attention from residents and tourists alike. These vipers live mainly in the western third of Tennessee . Wild individuals rarely rattle at a humans approach. Bright yellow, sulfur-colored tips distinguish juvenile water moccasins. The sheer size and bulk of a large specimen is impressive indeed, and no other Mississippi snake reaches such proportions. The Mississippi green water snake is found in the extreme western portion of the state, where it thrives in the cypress swamps. The venom of Water Moccasins contains a powerful cytotoxic venom that destroys tissue. Forty Mississippi snakes puts the state at the high end of the state snake diversity category. The primary reason people may find water moccasins outside their native ranges is primarily because of introduction into the area by people. Keeled scales cover their body, with raised ridges running lengthwise in the center of the scale. The picture highlights the snakes blue hue, making snake identification in this instance also easy. Even though water moccasins are poisonous, they are not as aggressive as the venomous snakes found in India, Africa and elsewhere in the world. Their near-perfect camouflage renders them virtually invisible under most natural situations. Bring a companion when traveling in areas where there may be snakes. They are the only venomous snake in the U.S. that spends a lot of time in the water, Live Science previously reported (opens in new tab). Skin discoloration around the wound is also common. They inhabit most water areas of the East that host their primary food source, crayfish. The remaining venomous snake is the Coralsnake (Micrurus fulvius). Pygmy rattlers have nine large symmetrically arranged scales on the crown of the head. Average length is 18 to 20 inches. These juveniles resemble their close relative the copperhead. Treat dead snakes as you would live snakes. Though they're out in both day or night, they primarily hunt for food after dark when there's hot weather. This flattening makes them look more like cottonmouths. Rats and mice make up the diet of most snakes and they are attracted to unkempt areas. Always use a flashlight for activities after dark such as gathering firewood. Coralsnakes (Micrurus fulvius) live in the sandy southern soils of Mississippi. According to studies, a female snake can reproduce at three years of age, if their growth is rapid. Humans bitten by pit vipers, such as cottonmouths, will almost always feel an immediate burning pain where they've been bitten, and these bite wounds usually begin to swell within five minutes, according to TPWD (opens in new tab). When at rest on the surface, eastern diamondbacks usually coil next to a log, uprooted tree stump, or in the close proximity of a gopher tortoise burrow. Cottonmouth, Cottonmouth Moccasin, Water Moccasin, Moccasin. Learning to recognize the difference between venomous and nonvenomous snakes is not a particularly difficult task. Do not make any cuts in or around the bite area. Cottonmouths rarely bite humans, and usually only do so when provoked. The fangs are enclosed within gum tissue and may be difficult to locate. The cottonmouth or water moccasin is a poisonous viper found in Mississippi and other parts of the Southeastern United States. Rather, they remain motionless and silent, or opt for a hasty retreat. Venom is a precious commodity that Water Moccasins use for subduing prey, When they encounter a prey, they bite it and then let it go. Find Water Moccasin stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Coral snakes lay eggs while our native pit vipers are livebearers. Water snakes also have longer, thinner tails, and their heads are a similar width to their necks, whereas a cottonmouth's head is thick, blocky and noticeably wider than the snake's neck. Neonates are 22 to 35 cm long and as venomous as a juvenile. Approaching any areas with snakes in the water with caution is always advised. However, the snakes can live much longer in captivity, and at least one captive cottonmouth has lived to be over 24 years old, according to ADW. They eat fish, small mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles including other snakes and even smaller water moccasins, according to the University of Michigan's Animal Diversity Web (opens in new tab) (ADW). In the harmless mimic however, the two warning colors are never in contact. The rattle consists of dry, interlocking segments which click together to create a sizzling sound. green tree snake, eastern hognose, queen snake, checkered garter, repellents, diamondback water snake, coral, texas rat, Its color varies from dark brown to olive, their bellies are normally paler than their backs. Being attentive to surrounding during outdoor activities in the state is the most practical way to avoid them. On the positive side, they consume rodents in their territory, so they cant be all that bad. The head shows a characteristic copper color. They may stand their ground against potential predators, including humans, by using defensive behaviors. When their wide, white mouths are open and gaping, they make hissing sounds. they move their tail, and lure their potential prey closer. The mouth looks white, explaining the snakes nickname. Occasional specimens turn up seemingly far from water. Be prepared to initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if required. Since the number of non-poisonous water snake species outnumber water moccasins, it's easy to confuse the two snakes because of similarities in coloring and habitats. In Mississippi these snakes are almost exclusively referred to as timber rattlers. To a lesser extent the names velvet-tailed rattler and diamondback are used for this animal. Distribution is spotty with the species being most common on the Gulf Coast and again in northeastern Mississippi. The snake's diet consists of fish, small mammals, birds and amphibians; reptiles such as lizards, baby alligators and turtles; and other snakes, including. This medium to large pit viper goes by several common names in Mississippi, including "water moccasin" and "stump-tailed moccasin." It can be easily confused with several other species of large, dark-colored, thick-bodied, wide-headed but utterly harmless watersnakes (genus Nerodia ). BODY SIZE THICK, HEAVY BODIES: Venomous Water Moccasins have bodies that are VERY thick and heavy for their length, and short, thick tails. A thin dark line runs back from the eye to the corner of the mouth. Snakes in the genus Regina (Queen Snakes and Gray Crayfish Snakes) are another of the common species in the Eastern United States that are less well known to the larger public. The presence of a rattle is sufficient to know that any of the species is nearby. Sara Viernum is a senior wildlife biologist, and for the last several years has provided professional consulting services to the power transmission and distribution, renewable energy, transportation, mining, and oil and gas sectors. We believe that our association - Mississippi Water Resources Association - is unique. The cottonmouths lie coiled close to their hibernacula. A water moccasin eats a bullfrog. The western cottonmouth has the largest range in that it lives in eastern Texas, Oklahoma, eastern Cherokee County in Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, southern Missouri, western Tennessee and even the extreme southern regions of Indiana and Illinois, as well as Mississippi, western Kentucky and Alabama. Cottonmouths have accounted for less than 1% of all snakebite deaths in the U.S., according to TPWD. These specialized pits are able to detect minute differences in temperature so that the snake can accurately strike the source of heat, which is often potential prey. Both species are an nondescript, dull brown color, and both species grow to a fairly small size, under two feet in length. The University of Florida (opens in new tab) stated that 7,000 to 8,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes in the U.S. each year, but only about five to six people die from their bites. Copperheads feed on rodents, small birds, lizards, frogs, and insects (especially cicadas). It helps to know where they live, their identifying features, habitats, diet, breeding and living habits, as well as their life cycle. The White-Mouthed Water Moccasin Threatened water moccasins coil their thick bodies, vibrating their tails and opening their mouths wide to scare you away. The water moccasin behavior is aggressive but in reality, they rarely bite humans but remember as it was mentioned earlier if they are threatened they will bite dangerously. This article was edited on Nov. 2 by Live Science managing editor Tia Ghose. "When a cottonmouth feels threatened, it will coil its body and open its mouth wide to expose the white coloration of the inside of its mouth," Viernum said. Upon confronting a potential enemy, the snake often opens its mouth, exposing the light interior. They often emerge at sunset to warm themselves on the warm ground (i.e., sidewalks, roads) and then become very active throughout the night, when they are usually found swimming or crawling. Kingsnakes, Milk Snakes, Racers, Whipsnakes, Garter Snakes and Watersnakes. They're called cottonmouths because of the white coloration on the inside of their mouths, which they display when threatened. Parents do not care for them. Their coloration varies from dark brown or black to olive, banded brown or yellow. Some of the physical differences between these species are in their head shape, pattern, and underside of tail. In Missouri, for example, all snakes are protected from being killed, including cottonmouths, according to the Missouri Department of Conservation (opens in new tab). The Mississippi River runs from Minnesota down the center of the country, 2,350 miles, to Louisiana where it pours into the Gulf of Mexico. Some argue that corridors between upland and wetland must exist so that snakes can find places for hibernation. Our snake was about 2- feet long and didn't seem at all concerned when I approached. Contrary to popular beliefs, the coral snake does indeed possess venom-conducting fangs. The only venomous aquatic snake in North America. They are fairly common in the East and easily recognized by their smooth brown body. In states like Florida & Texas where the temperature is not so cold, Water Moccasin snakes may not hibernate at all. The venom of the Water moccasin is toxic and is rich with powerful cytotoxic venom that destroys tissue. Even though water snakes are nonvenomous, they can still bite and are often killed by humans out of fear that they are cottonmouths. One can never completely rid a given area of snakes. We saw these water snakes in Mississippi. Your information is valuable to our conservation efforts! Water Moccasins and cottonmouths share one common thing: they're the same snake. During the mating season, males perform a combat dance and also compete for access to females. CREATIVE. "These days cottonmouth will be the accepted term." Welcome to MWRA. Keeled scales cover their body, water moccasins do not appear shiny instead it appears dull having a non-reflective surface. (Image credit: Rex Lisman via Getty Images). Pygmy rattlers have only a small rattle which produces a sound no louder than a buzzing insect. Besides, they even eat smaller snakes. Ergatta vs Hydrow: Which Rowing Machine Should You Buy? While cottonmouths do not require water to live, they prefer to live near freshwater habitats because of the foods they consume. Water snakes are slender compared with cottonmouths, which are thicker and heavier. They mostly feed on dead animals for their nourishment. One subspecies, Western Cottonmouth ( A. p. leucostoma ), is recognized in the state. Remember that general coloration can vary considerably from snake to snake even from the same region. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, As a resident of Mississippi, it is important that you learn to identify the species of snakes that are dangerous to human beings. They are long, thin snakes with a black body, and as the picture highlights, white chins. (Our other larger rattlers have tiny, randomly arranged scales on top of the head). Living deep in the swamps, these dark, greenish-brown snakes hunt fish, . Identification features can change. Their markings vary considerably, and the subspecies can interbreed where their ranges overlap. The water moccasin snake is the only semi-aquatic pit viper, as well as the only venomous water snake in North America. They rely heavily on fish as a food source. Symptoms of its bites include swelling, ecchymosis, necrosis, and myokymia. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). The Water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) is a species of venomous pit viper. Wildlife officials often recommend that boaters avoid drifting under low hanging branches (their favorite basking places) in order to decrease the possibility that the snakes drop in for a ride. There are three subspecies of cottonmouth recognized by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (opens in new tab). If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. They rely heavily on fish as a food source. Origins: Though it's hard to tell when this story of a hapless waterskier falling into a nest of snakes began, it was very popular in the Mississippi Delta during the late 1960s. These are Florida cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti), found throughout Florida; western cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma), found in Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Oklahoma and Texas; and eastern cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus), found in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. They vibrate their tails and open their mouths wide. Remove all rings, bracelets or other constricting items. Protected Lands Protect Water (0:43) The Mississippi River is a point of pride and a . The inside of the water moccasin's mouth appears white like cotton, which earned the creature its common name: cottonmouth. As opportunistic eaters, water moccasins will mostly eat any type of carrion they can wrap their mouths around. Identifying water moccasins means more than just knowing what they look like because in nature, there are always exceptions to every rule. Cottonmouths are relatively large, ranging from 2 to 4 feet long (61 to 122 centimeters), according to the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (opens in new tab). There is a prominent rattle on tail. They live in warm conditions and hibernate in stump holes during winter. Never try to examine the mouth for the presence of fangs to determine if the snake is venomous. Their venom is toxic, but it rarely kills a person. Cottonmouths are categorized as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (opens in new tab), which means that across nearly all of its range, the species is at low risk of extinction. Across the eyes of the Florida water moccasin, you can spot a broad and dark facial stripe not defined as well in the eastern water moccasin which can camouflage the eyes. Many of their common names, including "cottonmouth" and "gaper", refer to this behavior. 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