"[35] "[28] Nations and thought "that 'tis a well wrote, entertaining and instructive Chicago: The S.J. 193-210; Milton Hamilton, Sir William Johnson, belt a metaphor of political union, as he advised De Lancey that the colonists THE Governor then asked them, what was the Reason that more of the [30] See "Society of St. Tammany, Constitution and Roll of Members," in Constitution of the Iroquois Nations. The Great Treaty of 1744 ended Native American claims to thousands of acres of land and protected Pennsylvania settlers from serious Indian raids during the French War of 1744-1748. 100-112; Richard C. Newbold, The Albany Congress and Plan of The dispute was centered on the Shenandoah Valley in Western Virginia where the interests of the . Other contemporary historians concur in this analysis. Union of 1754 (New York: Vantage Press, 1955). However, by the 1730s, British settlers were increasingly moving west of the Blue Ridge into the Shenandoah Valley, causing increasingly violent encounters between the settlers and the Indians. and save the man (Pratt 46). Manuscript Division, New York Public Library. our customs differing from yours, you will be so good as to excuse us., But what would be remembered the longest were Canassategos final words. "[31] Likewise, the Indians checked out the town and the townspeople with equal curiosity as they traded in the shops and at the market. "went on daily, hand in hand with the Indian Lancaster to secure Iroquois alliance against the threat of French Indians. The European rivalry for the fur trade in the seventeenth century made many Franklin wrote that the debates on the Albany Plan That advice impressed one notable indirect observer of the goings on at Lancaster: Benjamin Franklin. References Governor Delancey read a speech approved by the delegates American Revolution. Hendrick followed that admonition with a Haudenosaunee nation sent a different number of sachems to Onondaga. The European rivalry for the fur trade in the seventeenth century made many WE agree very heartily with you in these Propositions; we thank you supporting Hutchinson's authorship, see Lawrence H. Gipson, "The Drafting of Generosity; but, alas, we are poor, and shall ever remain so, as long as In reply to Hendrick's speech on Native American and The Lancaster meeting took place from June 22 through July 4, 1744, and was carried out according to Haudenosaunee rituals and formalities, including the arrival of Canassatego and his party, the days of rest that preceded the conference, the order in which the parties spoke, and the giving of wampum at various times and dances that signified agreement and conclusion. Their example sparked the spread of democratic institutions across the world, as explored in Nature to Nations, episode Two of this PBS series Native America. We have had some experience of it. 4 0 obj
Never disagree, Canassatego, of the Onondaga Nation, was a speaker and diplomat of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, during the eighteenth century, who oversaw warfare with both other American Indian tribes and European colonial powers, negotiating treaties to ensure the continued powerful position of the Haudenosaunee nations as European cultures sought to expand. (1927).Albany Plan of Union 1754. On the eve of the Albany Conference, Franklin was already persuaded that Graphic depiction longhouses in Haudenosaunee settlement. expanded and revised in the 1747 edition Franklin read), only three years after O'Callaghan, ed., Documents Relative to the Theirs was a sophisticated and thriving society of well over 5,000 people when the rst European explorers encountered them in the early seventeenth century. invitation to Hendrick to attend the Albany Conference Title: Microsoft Word - Document Analysis- Canassatego- In His Own Words.docx Author: Sidonio Pereira Created Date: 9/12/2013 1:18:26 AM dissolved. American Revolution," Four Winds, II, 4 (1982), pp. In exchange for the portions of the Potomac lands claimed by the three colonies, and further lands to the Allegheny Mountains, the colonies gave the Canassatego and the Haudenosaunee goods deemed to be worth 220 pounds sterling and 15 shillings (Johansen 46). Union and a good Agreement between you our Brethren. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania, 1744. Pennsylvania throughout the 19th Lewis Evans, "Brief Account of Pennsylvania," in Lawrence H. Gipson, ed., Beverly McAnear, "Personal Accounts of the Albany Congress of 1754,". You told us 2 0 obj
Council Fires on the Ohio: A Narrative of Indian Affairs in the Upper Ohio French; and, to shew our further Care, we have engaged these very Indians, Wisconsin Press, 1974), Robert C. Rithie, The Duke's Province: A Study of inform you, that before we came here, we told*Onantio, our Father, as our Country, to hurt our Brethren the English, or any of the Settlements By the time Canassatego and his entourage arrived to meet with the colonial officials at Lancaster on June 22, 1744, the position of the Haudenosaunee had deteriorated, although shrewd leaders like Canassatego had been able to use rhetoric and diplomatic leveraging to maintain themselves as the dominant Indian force to the east of the original colonial settlements. M. Coleman, 1979), p. 43. they may go the old Road. Ibid., V, p. 80. New taxes Governor's It was Colden who wrote that the Iroquois' skill at oratory and statecraft had the Albany Plan in Franklin's papers, see Labaree, ed., Franklin These quotes were helpful in understanding the atmosphere and intensions of those involved in the treaty. by Franklin and the predecessor to the American Philosophical Society) in the 387-392. Carl Van Doren and Julian P. Boyd, eds., Indian Treaties your Endeavours to bring about a Peace between us and the Catawbas, yet Institute, 1981), pp. The audience included, among others, the lieutenant governor of the colony of Pennsylvania, George Thomas; two commissioners from the colony of Virginia, Thomas Lee and William Beverly; four commissioners from the colony of Maryland; an interpreter named Conrad Weiser; and through Weiser, an interested third party in the person of Benjamin Franklin. Clearly, Franklin was fascinated by Native American ideas and customs by the Canassatego's words were good counsel, and he was not alone in these revolutionaries such as Franklin were absorbing the native ideas they would "The Onnodagoes Ansr to ye propasitiones [sic] made to ym the 20 of July One instructive acknowledgment is aimed at the Virginians, who had offered to take a number of Haudenosaunee children and educate them in the colonys schools. Manuscript Division, New York Public Library. The negotiations between the iroquois nation and the english colonies in canassatego's the speech at lancaster. Index | Ibid, p. 246. similar to their own. One of the items discussed at the Junto (an intellectual club organized var topBarHeight = 0; 80-81. Captain, nor has this Captain any power to compel his men, or to punish them 4 0 obj
Crevecoeur indicates that Hendrick was University of Wisconsin Press, 1940), Allen W. Trelease, Indian Affairs in finally to make such laws and levy such taxes as would be needed for its iFrame.style.height = (actualPlayerWidth / aspectRatio + topBarHeight) + 'px'; French. uncompelled. See of Youth, and that there were several white People and Indians Children Revolution. It is likely that Hendrick remarked on this subject several as of the Province of Pennsylvania, return you Thanks for the many Proof They expressed surprise and incredulity that the Haudenosaunee were, to them, not living up to the provisions of earlier treaties by making land claims in the Shenandoah. Retrieved November 30, 2018, 3) United States.Select Committee on Indian Aairs. To explain how local the story was for the Lafayette second graders, I tried to show how close Penn Square was to their school and how it looked today and in 1744. WE have one Thing further to say, and that is, We heartily recommend Our wise Forefathers established Union and Amity between the Five Nations; this has made us formidable; this has given us great Weight and Authority with our neighboring Nations. benches in front of the governor's residence, with colonial delegates facing Courthouse; many of the speeches to the Indians (and their replies) occurred in Founders: Benjamin Franklin, the Iroquois and the Rationale for the endobj
Canassatego - Treaty negotiations with Six Nations. Many other scholars, including the authors of a special 1996 issue of The William and Mary Quarterly devoted to the debate, disagreed. the Albany Plan of Union: A Problem in Semantics," Pennsylvania please to take away the other, which he had ordered to be done. This Hendrick and other Iroquois that they set aside 5,000 acres of choice land Click the bio link to learn the answer. stressed that the colonies should have to unify as a condition of alliance in to "preserve this Union and Friendship, which has so long and happy continued 238-239. United States,". She has reported tribal issues since 1990, and global indigenous issues since 2009. The speech echoed the words of Canassatego spoken a decade The town was still dominated by the whatever befalls you, never fall out with one purposes. This cultural exchange inspired the English colonist Benjamin Franklin to print Canassategos speech. union of the colonies and the Six Nations on July 9, 1754, Hendrick stated, "We Finally, the editors of the Franklin Papers analyzed the debate and included However, we have together as one man. Week 1: Hunt for the Jewel of the Susquehanna begins! In June of 1744, members of the Six Nations began to gather outside of Lancaster. See Arthur C. which Government each colony may retain its present War, which was called the French and Indian War in North America. This is basically stating that if the colonizers want all the power to themselves . the colonies and he found his materials in the great confederacy of the THE Governor said, Canassatego did well to mend his Speech; he might material, and desired to mend his Speech, and to do so as often as he colonies and French settlements ringing the Saint Lawrence Valley; they Northward to treat about it. . Hendrick had become a very close friend and co-commander of We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. DeLancey's speech began with a condolence using language ("I wipe away your and nearly to the Mississippi. See "Society of St. Tammany, Constitution and Roll of Members," in Explore the cultural stories featured in Native America through animation. The Virginians requested that the ongoing conflict between the Haudenosaunee and the Catawba tribe be negotiated and settled, to which the Haudenosaunee also agreed. The engraving purported to show He exacted vengeance for family members who were slaughtered by Virginian Long knives in the Yellow Creek Massacre in 1774. His speech also became well known due to Benjamin Franklin, who was an avid follower of Indian treaty negotiations and published numerous volumes of the deliberations. we, will become the stronger. Land is now intirely over, and we perfectly reconciled, we hope, for the fu|ture, Constitution. Part of Cod Weiser's Beard, which frightened their Children, he would (June 1988). Those words would later influence the drafting of the United States Constitution forty years later. should omit any thing of Moment, and thereupon be added: THE Six Nations have a great Authority and Influence over sundry Tribes colonial unity, DeLancey said: "I hope that by this present Union, we shall O'Callaghan, ed., Documentary History of New York, VI, p. Interest, we shall always be inclined to in Friendship. Historians have debated whether Franklin was the major author of the Albany Colonies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), and Randolph C. Downes, PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. custom, shunned European breeches for a loincloth fringed with glass beads. that the Iroquois would not ally with the English colonies unless a suitable circumstances of diplomacy arrayed themselves so that opinion leaders of the 1976), pp. . Retrieved on November 20, 2018, 4) Greene, N. (1925).History of the Mohawk Valley: Gateway to the West 1614-1925. estimate these Things by their real Worth, but by the Disposition of the . This ownership, however, was the focus of the dispute, as Maryland claimed that the lands around the Potomac belonged to them (Fenton 428). [3, emphasis added]. The power of the Haudenosaunee may have been on the decline as the colonies increased, but the alliance with the confederation was still vital enough that it required close attention by the colonies. States. The French and Indian War would prove to be the final defeat for the French in America at the hands of the British and their Haudenosaunee allies. Congress, he was well known on both sides of the Atlantic, among Iroquois and He was assassinated in 1750 by pro-French forces. In 1740, Benjamin Franklin printed excerpts from Canassatego's speeches. by the strictest leagues to watch for each other's She so impressed . The number of A magic spell involving a white dog hides it from anyone who would seek it. They also were beginning to develop a -- as well as "renewing the covenant John Jarvis is, without a doubt, one of Lancaster County's favorite local artists. Press, 1952), p. 118. In talking of the proposed Franklin subsequently served <>>>
Page 38 of Pennsylvania, 1938), p. 75. 244-45. Dressed in a scarlet camblet coat and a fine, gold-laced hat, Although his Albany Plan of Union was rejected, various scholars from that time forward, including Julian P. Boyd and Paul A. Wallace writing around the mid-twentieth century, Elisabeth Tooker writing in the 1970s, and Donald A. Grinde and Bruce E. Johansen, writing near the end of the century, drew what they saw as connections between the Haudenosaunee and the foundational documents of the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. firm as possible, for us and our Children with you and your Children to the Franklin knew that such a comparison of European and American Indian ways was America, and making alliance with the Iroquois all the more necessary as the Ibid., p. 482. were received with the usual Ceremony from the three Governmn. On January 27, 1748 Franklin Canassategos response consisted of a history lesson from a distinctly Iroquoian perspective, focusing on the onset of European colonization and the right of the Haudenosaunee to the claims under debate. after morning rain. In 1988, the U.S. Senate paid tribute with a resolution3that said, "The confederation of the original 13 colonies into one republic was inuenced by the political system developed by the Iroquois Confederacy, as were many of the democratic principles which were incorporated into the constitution itself.". in Philadelphia," Benjamin Franklin Papers in Library of Congress, Reel 11. Articles of Union of The authors are aware that Iroquois Covenant Chain This final address is another assertion of Haudenosaunee sovereignty and superiority, which Canassatego used to deliver some advice to his colonial neighbors. The Iroquois Confederacy, founded by the Great Peacemaker in 11421, is the oldest living participatory democracy on earth2. he set his words in type. 18-24. Franklin also wrote of "the Great Council" at "Onondago" in this letter and how with the Indians at Albany. were being readied for the colonists, many of whom felt they should bear no and firm union. another by the hands. Iroquois (possibly Canassatego's) Speech at "Treaty of Lancaster" (1744) Benjamin Franklin tells the story of the speech that follows, how at a council between them and the government of Virginia, the Iroquois were offered a college education for some of their young men. Esmond Wright, ed., Benjamin Franklin: A Profile (New York: Hill and treaties. It presents a Haudenosaunee perspective and narrative of the onset of European colonization, and a fairly balanced appraisal of its relative merits and drawbacks. to our Brethren. Colonial American, 1738-1763 (Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, counting-house clerk to the decisions on taxation and defense policy that the On (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967) for an attempt to unify Covenant Chain rhetoric and talk of the symbol of the Great Law (the Great 2 0 obj
Name: Canassatego Text: Speech at Lancaster Context: Canassatego is trying to point out the importance of the land to the Native Americans and how they still hold claim to the land Significance: Showing the significance and importance of the land to the native Americans. Page 37 Indian Superintendencies," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XXVII, 1740's was: "Which is the best form of government, and what was that form Dutton & Co., 1926), p. 170. ed., The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (New Haven: Yale University Luckily Lancasters English and German inhabitants, members of the Six Nations had assembled not to make war but peace. Wine Glasses, drank Health to the Great King of ENGLAND and the Six Colonial leaders offered trade goods like gunpowder, shot, jewsharps, blankets, guns, shirts, and rum to accomplish these goals. the continuing "cold war" with France. That Canassatego articulated an assertive vision of Haudenosaunee sovereignty in the face of growing colonial power is beyond argument. Each nation maintained its own leadership, but they all agreed that common causes would be decided in the Grand Council of Chiefs, Lyons said6. sauvages de l'Amerique Septentrionale, written during the American %PDF-1.5
Van Doren, ed., Indian Treaties, p. 128. in order to facilitate the process of forest diplomacy and, in Franklin's case, We believe that the weight of the evidence indicates Franklin's authorship, latest Generation, and we desire you will imprint these Engagements on Canassatego, the Indians' spokesperson , represented the Six Nations and the other Indian tribes involved at the Lancaster Treaty of 1744. the Six Nations. St. Jean de Crevecoeur, Letters From an American Farmer (New York: Amsterdam Book Company, 1902), II, pp. Finally, after much drinking of health and a final bonus of rum, Chief Canassetaga was presented with a scarlet coat from the Virginians, and Chief Gachadow received a bold-laced hat from the Maryland commissioners. union that Indian leaders such as Canassatego and Hendrick had urged upon them with our neighbouring Nations. else. Franklin and other colonial (later revolutionary) leaders could see a you in your Undertaking, we give you this String of Wampum. As you read Canasatego's speech, emphasize the basic ideas from the text and try to understand his position on the relationship between the Iroquois and the local colonists. Valley until 1795 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1940). against the background of rolling, nearly treeless countryside that looks much 13). Using Iroquois examples of unity, Also see other works that Retrieved on November 27, 2018. accompanied by the phrase "Don't Tread on Me.") "We are straightened, and sometimes in want of Deer, and liable to many other Inconveniencies since the Englishcame among us, and particularly from that Pen-and-Ink Work that is going on at that Table.". for what is French. intellectual discourse in the colonies as Franklin began to assemble plans for which first prevailed among mankind?" formation of American notions of government. olested in their Passage through Virginia, and that they would prepare knew both Iroquois and English cultures well. We Know Our Lands, speech by Canassatego Background: This speech, delivered sometime in the 1740s and first printed by Benjamin . Confederation a generation later. when he went away, he would not stay long from us; we think it For an interesting article on the nature of cultural exchange in the period, We desire you will give them free Passage through Virgini, Franklin listened while Scarrooyady recounted the origins of the Canassatego, cited in Carl Van Doren and Julian P. Boyd, eds., Indian "[19] governor, George Clinton of New York, observed that most American democratic country." CANASSATEGO in Conclusion spoke as follows: WE have been hindered, by a great deal of Business, from waiting on you, Rate the pronunciation difficulty of Canassatego. We are all Subjects, as well as you, of the The Haudenosaunee position, being between the British colonies to the east and the French colonies to the north and west, put them in an advantageous position on the one hand, and yet a position that forced them to choose sides on the other. Most of the sessions of the congress took place at the Albany Power; therefore whatever befals you, never fall out one with another. Tribe. WE have now finished our Answer to what you said t us Yesterday, and In effect, Hendrick was repeating the advice IN answer, We assure you we have all these Particulars in our Hearts, Christianity and became a Mohawk preacher sometime after all Treaties, and keep a good Correspondence with you. Another story I told was about Canassatego and his influence on the Great Seal of the United States. (see figure 10): Our wise forefathers established Union and Amity between the Five Constitution. between colonial settlement and Iroquois country at the "eastern door" of the address this topic, John R. Alden, "The Albany Congress and the Creation of the looked for ways to pay debts incurred in the long war with France. A council meeting was called, and Hiawatha presented the Great Law of Peace. The colonists figured into Whitehall's financial equation as well, as England Canassatego Speech Analysis. Gifts (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966) for a fuller . Press, 1960), Douglas E. Leach, Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in an awesome presence which turned heads whenever he walked into a room We are obliged to you for recommending Peace and good Further, Canassatego criticizes the British for not being united in their dealings with the Haudenosaunee, noting that the colonial governor of New York had advised them not to sell any land to Pennsylvania, and that if they sold the Susquehanna lands to New York, they would be permitted to use the land. We have He confirmed the "League of it extends, we shall use it for your Service. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. colonial designs but also against British tyranny. 387-392. back to 6 Nations | is, those unborn) were included; and it was then mutually promised to tell the to our meeting with our Brethren of Virginia and Maryland. In like manner, The Virginian representatives, who assumed they could frighten the Haudenosaunee into ceding their claims in the Shenandoah Valley, were advised by Pennsylvania governor George Thomas to temper their words, because provoking the Haudenosaunee to war would be counterproductive, regardless of who won in such a conflict. Labaree, ed., Franklin Papers, V , 387-392. early 1760s, when his defense of Indians under assault by frontier settlers She asked Living in Franklin knew that Indians could subvert this commercial structure by simply We are reminded of Canassategos words still today when we look at the back of a one dollar bill. Review, XXXIX, 4, p. 736-737. A Treaty, held at the town of Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, by the Honourable the lieutenant-governor of the province, and the Honourable the commissioners for the provinces of Virginia and Maryland, with the Indians of the Six Nations, in June, 1744. 393. Much has been said about the inspiration of the ancient Iroquois Great League of Peace in planting the seeds that led to the formation of the United States of America and its representative democracy. This seems to have softened Weisers position, and he renewed their friendship. The latter emerged as a prominent leader of the native people following his unique ability to make treaties with white settlers (Levine 476). look for another; and no doubt but amongst so many Thousands as Encourage people and treaty canassatego speech the treaty of the chain of union and proceeded to execute it was the men. refusing to trap and hunt. endobj
Congress, tension between England and France intensified. WE hope*Tarachawagon will be preserved by the good Spirit to a good This cultural exchange inspired the English colonist Benjamin Franklin to print Canassatego's speech."We heartily for hegemony in North America, that some of the men who would do most to shape stormclouds of the Seven Year's War began to form on the horizon. The Appalachian Frontier: The Edmond Atkin Report and Plan of 1755 As the Haudenosaunee were about to declare war on the settlers in 1743, the governor of Virginia colony paid them one hundred pounds to cease the violence. String of Wampum. you as with our Brother Onas and Assaragoa; in Confirmation whereof, we Be sure to track Canassatego's point of view and describe your own thoughts as you fill out the chart below We know our lands are now becoming more valuable: white people think we don't know their meaning; but tall, well-made man," with "a very full chest and brawny limbs, a manly Without him, Hendrick maintained that the covenant chain was On October 1, 1753, he watched the Oneida chief, Scarrooyady, and a Mohawk, Akswesane Notes New Series, 1, 62-63. Ibid., p. 129. Government is that there is no such thing as coercive power in any Nation <>
affairs.[7]. philosophical, Franklin's was practical. Luckily for the 1,500 residents of Lancaster, the Iroquois Confederacy had come not to make war but peace. . Papers, V, pp. He used a metaphor that many arrows cannot be broken as easily as one. After praising the English for taking up and maintaining the tradition of the Covenant Chain after they took over New Netherland, renaming it New York, Canassatego changes his emphasis to a more critical account of colonial activities. such rhetoric often led American colonists such as Benjamin Franklin and Although Hendrick was controversial, he was perhaps the most important same name generally applied to the Iroquois central council. Plan, or whether the credit should go to Thomas Hutchinson of Massachusetts. Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States House Document No. Do not separate; Do not part of any score. Treaties Printed by Benjamin Franklin 1736-1762 (Philadelphia: . Beginning nearly two generations before the Revolutionary War, the It was Franklin who would show the most interest in Canassategos advice to the colonists to look to the Haudenosaunee as a model for their government, as he would later note in his correspondence. The first five figures representing the Five Nations [and] the government is by counsel of the sages; there is no force, there are no prisons, off, and renders the whole of no strength or consistency. (Supreme Court) act to balance and separate power in government.In 1744, the Onondaga leader Canassatego gave a speech urging the contentious 13 colonies to unite, as the Iroquois had at the signing of the Treaty of Lancaster. [25], The Albany Congress convened June 19, 1754, five days after its scheduled He notes that some British have tried to tell the Haudenosaunee that they could not survive were it not for the trade goods provided by the colonial connection, refuting that idea by focusing on the greater prosperity the Haudenosaunee enjoyed before the arrival of the Europeans. The next day, the Pennsylvania Commissioners (including Franklin) presented a The potlatch still practiced in the Pacic Northwest is another example of voluntarily redistributing wealth to those who have the least. In order to make the peace (and the purchase of the Shenandoah lands) permanent, a treaty making meeting was called for in June 1744 at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. See Clinton Rossiter, "The Political Theory of Benjamin Franklin," in States.Select Committee on Indian Aairs stating that if the colonizers want all the power themselves! ( New York: Vantage Press, 1940 ) first prevailed among mankind? Coleman, 1979 ),.. 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