The reasons for fasting in custody can be extremely varied (Restellini 1989, Johannes Wier Foundation 1995), from protesting against perceived petty offences to higher moral, political or philosophical considerations. Hunger-strike, as a form of a political struggle, is quite widely spread in the history of the newly independent Armenia. What are the advantages and disadvantages of union strikes? This deals exclusively with the issue of voluntary total fasting and the doctors role vis--vis prisoners in such circumstances, without making any reference to situations of torture. Ever since gaining independence, Armenia has seen numerous other cases of hunger-strikes, including in penitentiary institutions. Are all such cas es of fasting genuine hunger strikes? WebReal hunger strikes involve actual fasting , which has to be voluntary and has to be pursued for a specific purpose . The key element here is that, for the hunger strike to work, the reactive refuser has to make as much noise about it as possible. Second, these people are not opposed to racial discrimination in principle. A prisoner who personally would not have wanted to take up fasting may have been volunteered by the group leadership. When you hold some people back (whites and Asians in this case) and nudge others forward (Hispanics in this case), thats racial discrimination! In many cases, fasting will be limited to a short period of time, the main idea being to a ttract attention and try to put pressure on the authorities for a specific purpose. WebRecent findings: Overall, intermittent feeding has not been shown to increase glucose variability or gastrointestinal intolerance, two of the reasons continuous feeding is the preferred method. This type of action might also bring a certain amount of publicity to their case and help them succeed. Although this may be true in very politicized contexts, experience shows that there may be misunderstanding and intransigence in the relationship between the parties. Theyve got themselves convinced that they are noble martyrs to some lofty cause. Changes are possible. The two categories represent completely different states of mind and have different aims. In tolerant systems, they may tax the patience of both the prison authorities and the prison doctor. Although these declarations may apply to different situations, they share the obvious common denominator of being concerned with the patients welfare. He may even be genuinely convinced that he is a legitimate hunger striker. Ukrainian military pilot Nadia Savchenko said she was captured by Russia-backed separatists in eastern Ukraine and smuggled into Russia in 2014. And what sparked the first major hunger strike believed to have been held in Russia? labour cost is high. One common interpretation is that force-feeding is viewed as a form of torture, which indeed it may be on occasion. Age discrimination, How to have the best Sunday in L.A., according to Rainn Wilson, Schiff reports major cash advantage over Porter and Lee in Senate race, The Ultimate L.A. Bookshelf: 110 essential Los Angeles books, Scooter operators say strict rules, rampant theft threaten business in San Diego, Mayor Bass seeks $250-million expansion of homelessness program in first State of the City speech, Federal court slows a California ban on natural gas appliances, Striking Medieval Times workers struck by car on picket line, 17 arrested in connection with 11 gang-related Sikh shootings in Northern California. Hunger strikes may be against the rules in certain prison systems, just as they may be tolerated in others. Many prisoners of this sort fast in protest on numerous occasions during what is often a long career within the prison system. Not all forms of fasting by prisoners are what the public (and, in this day and age, the media) generally regards as being real hunger strikes. Knowing the actual determination of the strikers is also essential, as the medical consequences of a hunger strike will differ according to how seriously the strike is taken. WebOne of the main advantages of strikes is that they allow workers to have a voice and to demand fair treatment from their employers. ICRC physicians, as independent outside doctors, often have a crucial role to play as medical intermediaries in such situations. In its work over the years with prisoners throughout the world, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has come across many different types of hunger strikes - and food refusal too. The issue of force-feeding constitutes the link with situations of coercion and torture. most effective in the lodged crops. 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Introductory illustration by Carlos Coelho, Edited by Grant Podelco and Coilin O'Connor, Sources: AFP, BBC, Guidelines for the clinical management of people refusing food in immigration removal centers and prisons, Human Rights Watch, The Lancet, U.K.'s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Reuters, media reports. ), gastro-intestinal disorders (gastritis, ulcers, etc.) Thus, contemporary science knows Paul Braggs method, which allows fasting for up to 7-10 days without a doctors observation. The above-mentioned examples and other recent ones involve extreme cases of protest fasting with drastic consequences for the health of those concerned. Feeling that Tokyo did not give enough guidance to doctors on performing their ethical duties in the event of hunger strikes, they proposed to amend and expand the declaration. Consciously or subconsciously, according to context, culture and intellect, he will expect to be taken care of long before there is any danger to his health from fasting. Some of these strikes have not been very determined at all, despite claims to the contrary. I will conclude with thoughts on how mass incarceration can be cost effective on the taxpayers and communities. What they have In this case, the prisoner refuses to eat, and if questioned by a guard or even the doctor, he will say he is on hunger strike. As soon became clear, the hunger strikes in Ulster were deadly serious, with a total of ten prisoners dying over several months. Most families, in fact, supported their sons or husbands on the strike.). Due to fears that she might die in prison and thus give the movement more sympathy among the public, she was released after 91 hours. WebDuring a strike, workers refuse to work in order to get more money or better working conditions. This doctor was deeply convinced that any serious hunger strike was tantamount to suicide, and so there was no question of respecting the autonomy of such a patient. The prisoners concerned often regard themselves, and claim to be, legitimate hunger strikers. Fasting prisoners who are mentally ill or otherwise incapable of unimpaired rational judgement and decision-making cannot be considered real hunger strikers, whatever their own claims. An individual prisoners margin of freedom allowing him to refuse orders from his internal hierarchy may be slim or non-existent. It is estimated that if a protester is healthy before going on a hunger strike, and continues to receive fluids, he or she is at risk of dying from malnutrition after six to eight weeks. The prison doctors respected the expressed will of the hunger strikers, and force-feeding was not envisaged at any time. My GPA right now is 3.6; so what do I need that program for? This is America. The euphemism affirmative action doesnt hide it very well. Television spots, particularly during high viewership hours, can cost more than the entire marketing budgets of some businesses. Finally, if the hunger strike gains attention from the outside, the media will also undoubtedly exert pressure on the situation. However, a protester can die much sooner -- after three weeks if they're seriously ill. 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It is essential for doctors working with prisoners to establish a relationship of trust with any hunger striking patients, so as to be able to act in their best interest. Brit Med J 315: 829-830, Restellini J P (1989) Les grves de la faim en pnitentaire. This was acknowledged by the World Medical Association in its Declaration of Tokyo in 1975. When workers feel that they are being After making his point, however, he quietly admitted that he was, in fact, happy to be alive. What they have been doing is beautiful and courageous. 111 million drams from Mikael Vardanyan to 157 disabled children of Tavush. Artsakh MFA, Statement on the 33rd anniversary of the Armenian pogroms in Baku, -Evoca Mobile POS: mPOS. Individuals held in custody may go on hunger strikes for a variety of reasons. The question of force-feeding is a case in point, and this will be discussed further on. The World Medical Association drew up the Declaration of Tokyo in 1975. The advantages and disadvantages of labor unions show us that there are positive and negative outcomes which are generated when any group can wield power. patient experiences mixed feelings while on fasting. In most cases, there will be no ethical dilemma, as the issue of force-feeding fasting prisoners will not arise. The Yoga methods of fasting have a much longer history. (The masculine gender will be used exclusively from here onwards to lighten the text.) A political prisoner on hunger strike was eventually force-fed, as stipulated by the prison rules inherited from the former Soviet Union, once he was semi-conscious and too weak to resist an intravenous drip. This refers to prisoners and voluntary total fasting outside any situation of torture (see: WMA Handbook of Declarations, WMA Ferney-Voltaire, France). The refusers aims are in a sense partially satisfied, however, in that the authorities nearly always refer to him as a hunger striker, albeit perhaps an habitual one. PRO: Drones are fun to fly. The motivation behind the strike might appear not to be an issue for the physician. One of these strikes started in solidarity with a prisoner, Yelizaveta Kovalskaya, who had been violently transferred after she had allegedly insulted a visiting official. Sadly, there are also some cons to this solution. The solution is for one to recognize reality, and figure out ways to overcome it. The whole idea of separating how we deal with each other in terms of oppressed, racial and ethnic victim categories was patently ridiculous and unworkable in the first place. In Turkey, in the summer of 1996, hundreds of political prisoners went on hunger strike, protesting about various issues concerning their imprisonment. Reactive food refusers have been said to give hunger strikes a bad name (to quote a prison director in an Anglo-Saxon prison system), in that ultimately their strikes are not taken seriously, and prison doctors find their empathy severely taxed when they are confronted repeatedly with such patients, who are usually very demanding. It was the June Despite the advantages it provided, agrarian culture also came with significant disadvantages. As is well known, the World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Tokyo of 1975 prohibits any participation in torture, whether actively, passively or through use of medical knowledge, by a medical doctor. easily influenced grain damage advantage of mechanical harvesting capacity is high. Second, the act of feeding through a forcibly introduced naso-gastric tube can be dangerous in itself, as was demonstrated by two deaths in the region in the early 1980s. It is mentioned in passing simply because it has sometimes been misconstrued owing to ignorance and cultural differences between captors and captives. He was protesting his medical treatment after his personal doctors were not allowed to examine him when he complained of pain in his legs and back. cleaning is necessary. A climate of trust is obviously essential here, as in any doctor-patient relationship. In cases of real voluntary total fasting, usually by politically motivated prisoners or prisoners supporting a specific cause, be it ethnic, religious or otherwise, there may be a will to go all the way and accept the physiological consequences of a prolonged fast. 16, D-23552 Lbeck, Tel. This law is an expression of the collective position of the current government against freedom of speech. Moreover, Dr Kalk considered that their detention without trial constituted a form of torture, and refused to discharge the patients back into detention after they had recovered from the effects of the hunger strike. New application for receiving non-cash payments with a smartphone, A therapeutic lab, two gyms and a cafeteria: Viva-MTS supports the Homeland Defenders Rehabilitation Center to expand delivered services, Ucom offers buying a Pro quality smartphone at 3800 amd/month and get high quality wireless earbuds, Artur Baghdasaryan was elected as the president of the "International educational and research alliance" foundation, U.S. offered to Armenia and Azerbaijan technical assistance on issues ranging from border delimitation to the planning of transportation routes. 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